{"id":16465,"date":"2022-07-28T07:55:00","date_gmt":"2022-07-28T07:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/?p=16465"},"modified":"2022-10-04T14:10:05","modified_gmt":"2022-10-04T14:10:05","slug":"brain-computer-interfaces-bcis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/articles\/brain-computer-interfaces-bcis-banner","title":{"rendered":"Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

What is a Brain Computer Interface (BCI)?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are interfaces for recording and processing neurological data and turning these data into an output, e.g., a signal to control an external device [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

BCIs can be categorized based on two dimensions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. actions based on brain activity, and<\/li>
  2. invasiveness [1].<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    The benefits or use-cases of BCIs are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. diagnosing medical conditions (e.g., depression),<\/li>
    2. modulating brain activity to deal with neurological conditions, and<\/li>
    3. improving accessibility for individuals with a disability through connection to external support devices such as a robotic arm [1].<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      What is neurodata?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \"Brain
      Photo by Bret Kavanaugh<\/a> on Unsplash<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Neurodata is data about neurological activity [1]. Neurodata can be directly recorded, e.g., by a BCI, or indirectly recorded, e.g., an individual\u2019s spinal cord [1]. Inferences on neurodata via AI\/ML algorithms can infer an individual\u2019s mood, physiological characteristics, and arousal [1]. Neurodata can personally identify an individual by itself or when paired with other data associated with the individual [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      What are the privacy risks associated with BCIs?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \"Brain
      Photo by Bernard Hermant<\/a> on Unsplash<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      The privacy risks include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1. Unauthorized access to personal information and inferences on such data,<\/li>
      2. The ability to infer conclusions about an individual even beyond their mental thoughts to their specific biology and preferences,<\/li>
      3. The use of neurodata, by itself or in association with other personally identifying information, in decision-making by third parties concerning the individual without the individual\u2019s consent or knowledge, and<\/li>
      4. Use of neurodata for marketing purposes and selling goods or services [1].<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Additionally, neurodata raises legal risks concerning Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) [1]. Neurodata would fall under concerns because neurodata would fall under HIPAA\u2019s definition of personally identifying information, thus requiring entities that process neurodata to also determine whether they are a covered entity (e.g., a physician or hospital) under HIPAA or a third party that must comply with certain HIPAA regulations because of a business relationship with a covered entity [1, 2]. Generally, HIPAA does not apply to wellness companies that manufacture wellness devices [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Neurodata is subjected to the GDPR in Europe because neurodata can be considered personal data (health data or biometric data), thus requiring lawful grounds for processing an individual\u2019s neurodata [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Some additional concerns also arise when determining whether fault lies with the BCI device user or the BCI device (e.g., in the case of a malfunction) in an incident where a BCI device user causes harm to another person or property [5].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        What are the Governance or Technical Solutions for Data Ownership and Privacy?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
        \"Brain
        Photo by Claudio Schwarz<\/a> on Unsplash<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        Some potential solutions to these privacy risks that can ensure data ownership for BCI device users include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        1. Encryption: encrypt a user\u2019s neurodata on the BCI device so that other people cannot decipher it. Additionally, the use of end-to-end encryption (E2EE) when neurodata is shared between a BCI device user and a third party or cloud server [1];<\/li>
        2. Local-first software<\/a>: ensuring that neurodata is stored locally on the user\u2019s device, with permissions for cloud access from applications [5];<\/li>
        3. Separation of data and compute (or edge computing): have BCI devices utilize edge computing so that BCI users do not need to share their data directly with a server (but can send their results to a cloud server) for inferences on their neurodata to be conducted with a AI\/ML algorithm, [1, 3, 6];<\/li>
        4. Access control layer: through blockchain technology, it is possible to use smart contracts to provide an access control and identity layer for neurodata that can prevent unwanted access of neurodata by third parties [3]; and<\/li>
        5. Data cooperatives: BCI device users can create a cooperative to manage and govern their data, and can interact and provide a forum for stakeholders, including researchers, technologists, and users, to discuss ethical issues in sharing and using neurodata [6, 7]<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
          1. https:\/\/fpf.org\/blog\/bci-technical-and-policy-recommendations-to-mitigate-privacy-risks\/<\/a><\/li>
          2. https:\/\/fpf.org\/blog\/bcis-data-protection-in-healthcare-data-flows-risks-and-regulations\/<\/a><\/li>
          3. https:\/\/www.personal.ai\/privacy<\/a><\/li>
          4. http:\/\/learn.neurotechedu.com\/introtobci\/#ethics<\/a><\/li>
          5. https:\/\/www.inkandswitch.com\/local-first\/<\/a><\/li>
          6. https:\/\/polypoly.coop\/en-de\/FAQ\/#polyPod<\/a><\/li>
          7. https:\/\/www.midata.coop\/en\/cooperative\/<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
            \"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            What is a Brain Computer Interface (BCI)? Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are interfaces for recording and processing neurological data and turning these data into an output, e.g., a signal to control an external device [1]. BCIs can be categorized based on two dimensions: actions based on brain activity, and invasiveness [1]. The benefits or use-cases of<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2548,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"topics":[3,15,19,25,147,28,29,31,73,2909,110,111,116,121,122],"class_list":{"0":"post-16465","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-uncategorized","7":"topics-accessibility","8":"topics-augmented-reality","9":"topics-cloud-computing","10":"topics-customer-experience","11":"topics-defining-ai","12":"topics-design","13":"topics-design-theory","14":"topics-development","15":"topics-neurology","16":"topics-neuroscience","17":"topics-technology","18":"topics-technology-for-the-common-good","19":"topics-usability","20":"topics-ux-education","21":"topics-ux-magazine","22":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nBrain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) - UX Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The emergence of privacy risks and data ownership opportunities as we augment the brain.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/articles\/brain-computer-interfaces-bcis-banner\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The emergence of privacy risks and data ownership opportunities as we augment the brain.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/articles\/brain-computer-interfaces-bcis-banner\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"UX Magazine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/uxmag\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-07-28T07:55:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-10-04T14:10:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Brain-Computer-Interfaces-BCIs-image-1-1024x682.jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Charles Adjovu\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@uxmag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@uxmag\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Charles Adjovu\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/articles\/brain-computer-interfaces-bcis-banner#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/articles\/brain-computer-interfaces-bcis-banner\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Charles Adjovu\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/#\/schema\/person\/bef57dbce987f12146aaa8ab14507381\"},\"headline\":\"Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs)\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-07-28T07:55:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-10-04T14:10:05+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/articles\/brain-computer-interfaces-bcis-banner\"},\"wordCount\":682,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/articles\/brain-computer-interfaces-bcis-banner#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Brain-Computer-Interfaces-BCIs-image-1-1024x682.jpeg\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/articles\/brain-computer-interfaces-bcis-banner\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/uxmag.com\/articles\/brain-computer-interfaces-bcis-banner\",\"name\":\"Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) - 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